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Earl Castleton

Earl Castleton

The title of Viscount Castleton was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1627, along with the subsidiary title of Baron Saunderson. In 1714, the 6th Viscount was created Baron Saunderson in the Peerage of Great Britain, and was subsequently raised to Viscount Castleton (1716) and finally Earl Castleton (1720) in that peerage. All of the titles became extinct upon his death in 1723.

Viscounts Castleton (1627)

- Nicholas Saunderson, 1st Viscount Castleton (1561-1630)
- Nicholas Saunderson, 2nd Viscount Castleton (d.1640)
- Nicholas Saunderson, 3rd Viscount Castleton (1625-1641)
- Peregrine Saunderson, 4th Viscount Castleton (1628-1650)
- George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton (1631-1714)
- James Saunderson, 6th Viscount Castleton (1667-1723), became Earl Castleton in 1720

Earls Castleton (1720)

- James Saunderson, 1st Earl Castleton (1667-1723)

Peerage

The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility that exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system. The term can be used to refer to the entire body of titles in a collective sense, or to a specific title. All British honours, including peerage dignities, spring from the Sovereign, who is considered the fount of honour. The Sovereign him or herself cannot belong to the Peerage as "the fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity from himself" (opinion of the House of Lords in the Buckhurst Peerage Case). If one is neither a peer nor the Sovereign, then one is a commoner. Members of a peer's family are also commoners; the British system thus fundamentally differs from the continental European one, where entire families, rather than individuals, were ennobled. Even members of the Royal Family who do not hold peerage dignities are considered commoners, since they do not have special legal status distinct from other members of society.

Divisions of the Peerage

There are various parts to the Peerage which convey slightly different benefits: the Peerage of England pertains to all titles created by the Kings and Queens of England prior to the Act of Union in 1707. The Peerage of Scotland, similarly, pertains to all titles created by the Kings and Queens of Scotland before 1707. The Peerage of Ireland includes titles created for the Kingdom of Ireland before the Act of Union of 1801, and some titles created after that year, whilst the Peerage of Great Britain pertains to titles created for the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. Finally, the Peerage of the United Kingdom pertains to most titles created since 1801. After the Union with Scotland, it was provided that the Scottish peers would not all sit in the House of Lords; rather, they would elect sixteen representative peers. After the Union of 1801, similarly, Ireland was allowed to elect twenty-eight representative peers. Irish elections ceased in 1922, when the Irish Free State became a separate country. Scottish elections ceased in 1963, when all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in the House of Lords. Members of the Peerages of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom all attended the House of Lords, and no elections were necessary.

Ranks

Peers are of five ranks: duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron. In Scotland, the fifth rank is called a lord of Parliament, as "barons" in Scotland are not peers, but holders of feudal dignities. Baronets, while holders of a hereditary title, are not peers. The word "duke" traces its origin to the Latin word dux, meaning leader. "Marquess" comes from the Germanic word "Mark" (for "border"), referring to the border ("marches") between England and either Wales or Scotland; the relationship is more evident in the feminine form: Marchioness. The term "earl" derives from eorl, signifying a military leader in the Old English language, or Anglo-Saxon. The meaning of this word may have been affected by the Old Norse jarl, meaning free-born warrior or nobleman, during the time of the Danelaw, to give rise to the modern sense of earl. Since there was no Old English or Old Norse feminine equivalent for the term, the word "countess" is used, which itself derives from the Latin comes, or "Count" (the equivalent of an earl in continental Europe). Similarly, the term "viscount" comes from the Latin vicecomes, or vice-count. Finally, "baron" comes ultimately from the Old Germanic Baro, meaning freeman. The various titles are in the form of Rank Name or Rank of Name. The name of the title can either be a place name or a surname. The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. Dukes always use of. Marquesses and earls whose titles are based on place names normally use of, while those whose titles are based on surnames normally do not. Viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament do not use of. However, there are several exceptions to the rule. For instance, Scottish viscomitial titles theoretically include of, though in practice, it is most often dropped. (Thus, the "Viscount of Falkland" is commonly known as "Viscount Falkland.") Also, of is normally not used when the place in question is outside British territory, as using of might imply that the nation has sovereignty over such a place. For instance, the title Marquess Douro is based on the River Douro in Portugal, over which the British monarch has neither sovereignty nor suzerainty. Often, a territorial designation is added to the main peerage title, especially in the case of barons and viscounts: for instance, Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven, County Lincoln or Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, of Hindhead, County Surrey. In such cases, any designation following the first comma generally does not form a part of the main title and is dropped, leaving, in the aforementioned cases, Baroness Thatcher and Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. Territorial designations in titles are not updated with local government reforms, but new creations do take them into account. Thus there is a Baroness Airey, of Abingdon in the County of Oxford, and a Baron Johnston of Rockport, of Caversham in the Royal County of Berkshire. It was once the case that a peer administered the place associated with his title. However, such has not been true since the Middle Ages. The only remaining peerage with associated lands controlled by the holder is the Duchy of Cornwall, which is associated with the Dukedom of Cornwall, a dukedom held by the eldest son and heir to the Sovereign.

Hereditary peers

Main article: Hereditary peer A hereditary peer is a peer whose dignity may be inherited. Hereditary peerage dignities may be created by the Sovereign with writs of summons or by letters patent, the former method now being obsolete. Writs of summons summon an individual to Parliament, in the old feudal tradition, and merely imply the existence or creation of an hereditary peerage dignity, which is automatically inherited, presumably according to the traditional mediæval rules (male-preference primogeniture, similar to the succession of British crown). Letters patent, however, explicitly create a dignity and specify its course of inheritance (usually agnatic succession, like the Salic Law). Once created, a peerage dignity continues to exist as long as there are surviving descendants of the first holder. Once the heirs of the original peer die out, the peerage dignity is said to have become extinct. In former times, peerage dignities were often forfeit by Acts of Parliament, usually when peers were found guilty of treason. Often, however, the felonious peer's descendants successfully petitioned the Sovereign to restore the dignity to the family. Some dignities, such as the Dukedom of Norfolk, have been forfeit and restored several times. It is now also possible for an individual to disclaim his own peerage dignity within one year of inheriting it under the Peerage Act 1963. The Sovereign is incapable of holding a peerage dignity; when the holder of a peerage succeeds to the Crown, the dignity merges in the Crown and ceases to exist. Hereditary peers were all once entitled to sit in the House of Lords, subject only to qualifications such as age and citizenship. (Scottish and Irish peers, as noted above, were not automatically entitled to seats.) Under the House of Lords Act 1999, however, hereditary peers lost their automatic right to sit in the Upper House. The Act did provide that ninety-two hereditary peers—those exercising the offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal, as well as ninety hereditary peers elected by other peers—could remain in the House of Lords in the interim.

Life peers

Main article: Life peer Two acts—the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and the Life Peerages Act 1958—authorise the regular creation of life peerages. Life peers created under both acts are of baronial rank. They are always created under letters patent, and not by writs of summons. While succession to hereditary peerage dignities is mostly restricted to males, many women hold life peerage dignities. Life peers created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act are known as "lords of Appeal in Ordinary." They perform the judicial functions of the House of Lords and serve on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. They remain peers for life, but cease to receive judicial salaries at the age of seventy-five. At most, there may be twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the age of seventy-five at one time. Under the Life Peerages Act, however, there is no limit on the number of peerages the Sovereign may create. Unlike lords of Appeal, such peers have no judicial duties. Normally, life peerages are granted to individuals nominated by the various political parties or by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. Furthermore, they are normally granted to honour important government figures—such as the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Prime Minister—upon their retirement.

Styles and titles

Main articles: Forms of Address in the United Kingdom; Courtesy title Peers and peeresses are entitled to certain styles and titles. Dukes use His Grace, Marquesses use The Most Honourable and other peers (whether hereditary or for life) use The Right Honourable. Peeresses (whether they hold peerages in their own right or are wives of peers) use equivalent styles. In speech, any peer or peeress except a duke or duchess is referred to as Lord X or Lady X. (For instance, the Earl of Derby is known as Lord Derby.) Confusion is possible here, for though the wife of an Earl and a suo jure Countess (that is, one holding the dignity in her own right) are both officially titled Countess and are known in speech as Lady, the wife of a Baron is officially titled Lady, while a woman holding that rank in her own right (usually a life peeress) is officially titled Baroness but is also commonly referred to in speech as Lady. Hence, Margaret Thatcher, a suo jure life peeress, may be correctly referred to as either "Baroness Thatcher" or "Lady Thatcher". "Baroness" is not used for female holders of Scottish lordships of Parliament; for example, Flora Fraser is known as "Lady Saltoun" as opposed to "Baroness Saltoun." Children of peers also use special titles called courtesy titles. The eldest son of a duke, a marquess, or an earl may generally use his father's second-highest peerage dignity as his own. Hence, the Duke of Devonshire's son is called Marquess of Hartington. An eldest son who uses his father's second-highest title is called a courtesy peer, and does not normally sit in the House of Lords or enjoy any privileges associated with the Peerage. In law, courtesy peers remain commoners. The daughters and younger sons of dukes and marquesses prefix Lord or Lady to their first names. These terms are also known as courtesy titles. All children of viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament use The Honourable. Children of earls do not use equivalent styles; daughters of earls use Lady, but younger sons of earls use The Honourable. Thus, individuals who use the style Lord or Lady are not necessarily peers, but it is usually possible to distinguish them by a knowledge of which subsidiary hereditary titles (such as "Marquess of Hartington") are in use and by a proper observation of whether Lord or Lady are used with or without the first name. The younger son of a duke, such as Lord Randolph Churchill, is addressed as "Lord Randolph" - "Lord Churchill" or "Mr. Churchill" would both be incorrect. But a suo jure peer is referred to by his peerage even if it is the same as his surname. Thus Baron Owen is correctly referred to as "Lord Owen". It is incorrect to call him "Lord David Owen", though such incorrect forms are very commonly used. A quasi-exception to this comes with life peers with common surnames who choose to combine their first and last names in their peerage title. Thus George Brown was ennobled as Baron George-Brown. Some peers, particularly life peers who were well-known before their ennoblement, do not use their peerage titles at all in authorial bylines or other ordinary usage, but go by their proper names. Others use a combination: thus the author John Julius Norwich is actually named John Julius Cooper and is the second Viscount Norwich.

Privilege of Peerage

John Julius Norwich Main article: Privilege of Peerage The Privilege of Peerage is the body of privileges that belongs to peers, their wives and their unremarried widows. While the Privilege of Peerage was once extensive, only three privileges survived into the twentieth century. Peers had the right to be tried by fellow peers in the Lord High Steward's Court and in the House of Lords; this privilege was abolished in 1948. Peers have the right to personally access the Sovereign, but this privilege has long been obsolete. Finally, peers have the right to be exempt from civil arrest. This privilege has only been used twice since 1945. Peers enjoy several rights that do not formally form a part of the Privilege of the Peerage. For instance, peers and their families have positions in the order of precedence. Peers and peeresses wear special coronets at coronations of Sovereigns; depictions of these coronets also appear atop peers' armorial achievements. They have distinctive robes for use at coronations and in the House of Lords (if a member of the latter).

History

Main article: History of the Peerage When William of Normandy conquered England, he divided the nation into many "manors", the owners of which came to be known as barons; those who held many manors were known as "greater barons", while those with fewer manors were the "lesser barons". When Kings summoned their barons to Royal Councils, the lesser barons were summoned through sheriffs, while the greater barons were summoned individually by the Sovereign. In 1254, the lesser barons ceased to be summoned; the body of greater barons, meanwhile, evolved into the House of Lords. Since the Crown was itself an hereditary dignity, it seemed natural for seats in the upper House of Parliament to be so as well. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, the hereditary characteristics of the Peerage were well developed. The ranks of baron and earl date to feudal, and perhaps Anglo-Saxon, times. The ranks of duke and marquess were introduced in the fourteenth century, and that of viscount in the fifteenth century. While life peerages were often created in the early days of the Peerage, their regular creation was not provided for under an Act of Parliament until 1876, with the passage of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act.

References

- [http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/ Blackstone, W. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.]
- [http://www.geocities.com/noelcox/Peerage_Law.htm Cox, N. (1997). "The British Peerage: The Legal Standing of the Peerage and Baronetage in the overseas realms of the Crown with particular reference to New Zealand." New Zealand Universities Law Review. (Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 379–401).]
- [http://home.freeuk.com/don-aitken/emayvols.html Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.]
- "Peerage." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- [http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/peer63.htm Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.]
-

Peerage of Ireland

The Peerage of Ireland is the term used for those peers created by British monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland. Before 1801, Irish Peers had the right to sit in the Irish House of Lords, but after the Union in 1801, Irish peers, like those of Scotland, only elected representative peers — twenty-eight in number — to the House of Lords (see List of Irish representative peers). This practice ended with the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Irish Peerages continued to be created for some time after 1801 as a way of creating peerages which did not grant a seat in the House of Lords. The last to be granted was one for George Curzon in 1899. In the following table of Irish peers, higher or equal titles in the other peerages are listed. Also, if the peer holds a lower title in the Peerages of England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, and therefore sat by such a peerage in the House of Lords, such a lower title is listed.

Dukes in the Peerage of Ireland

Marquesses in the Peerage of Ireland

Earls in the Peerage of Ireland

Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland

Barons in the Peerage of Ireland

Ireland Ireland

1714

Events

- August 1 - George, elector of Hanover becomes King George I of Great Britain.
- September 11 - Barcelona surrenders to Spanish and French Borbonic armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
- The Duchy of Savoy and Piedmont becomes the Kingdom of Sardinia
- Louis Juchereau de St. Denis establishes Fort St. Jean Baptiste at the site of present day Natchitoches, Louisiana, the first permanent European settlement in the Louisiana Territory.
- Worcester College, University of Oxford founded. Formerly Gloucester College, closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

- January 1 - Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. 1780)
- January 6 - Percivall Pott, English surgeon (d. 1788)
- January 26 - Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (d. 1785)
- February 2 - Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
- February 22 - Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French historian (d. 1795)
- February 25 - René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (d. 1792)
- February 25 - Hyde Parker, British admiral (d. 1782)
- February 26 - James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
- March 8 - Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, German composer (d. 1788)
- March 27 - Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (d. 1795)
- April 14 - Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
- June 6 - King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
- June 17 - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
- June 17 - César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (d. 1784)
- July 2 - Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
- July 16 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
- August 1 - Richard Wilson, Welsh painter (d. 1782)
- August 14 - Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
- August 28 - Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
- September 10 - Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (d. 1774)
- September 19 - Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1786)
- October 13 - Pieter Burmann the Younger, Dutch philologist (d. 1778)
- October 16 - Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
- November 13 - William Shenstone, English poet (d. 1763)
- November 25 - Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (d. 1783)
- December 16 - George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (d. 1770)
- December 19 - John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
- December 21 - John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (d. 1774)

Deaths

- February 2 - John Sharp, English Archbishop of Yorkshire (b. 1643)
- February 24 - Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (b. 1637)
- May 15 - Roger Elliott, British general and Governor of Gibraltar
- June 8 - Electress Sophia of Hanover, heir to the throne of Great Britain (b. 1630)
- June 22 - Matthew Henry, English non-conformist minister (b. 1662)
- August 1 - Queen Anne of Great Britain (b. 1665)
- August 25 - Constantin Brâncoveanu, Prince of Wallachia (b. 1654)
- August 26 - Edward Fowler, English Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1632)
- October 5 - Kaibara Ekiken, Japanese philosopher (b. 1630)
- October 10 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (b. 1646)
- November 5 - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (b. 1633) Category:1714 ko:1714년 ms:1714

1716

Events

- August 5 - In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
- Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
- Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
- Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
- Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

- January 12 - Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish general and governor of Louisiana (d. 1795)
- January 15 - Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1778)
- January 20 - King Charles III of Spain (d. 1788)
- January 26 - George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British soldier and politician (d. 1785)
- March 6 - Pehr Kalm, Finnish explorer and naturalist (d. 1779)
- May 29 - Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French naturalist (d. 1800)
- June 18 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (d. 1809)
- June 23 - Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English politician (d. 1789)
- October 3 - Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (d. 1781)
- October 6 - George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English statesman (d. 1771)
- December 16 - Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais, French diplomat and writer (d. 1798)
- December 25 - Johann Jacob Reiske, German scholar and physician (d. 1774)
- December 26 - Thomas Gray, English writer (d. 1771)
- December 26 - Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet (d. 1803)
- Jean Jacques Barthelemy, French writer and numismatist

Deaths

- January 1 - William Wycherley, English playwright
- April 14 - Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, British admiral
- April 26 - John Somers, 1st Baron Somers, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1651)
- June 2 - Ogata Korin, Japanese painter
- June 5 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1682)
- June 8 - Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (b. 1658)
- June 9 -- Banda Bahadur , Sikh military commander (executed)
- June 28 - George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665)
- July 8 - Robert South, English churchman (b. 1634)
- October 28 - Stephen Fox, English politician (b. 1627)
- November 2 - Engelbert Kaempfer, German traveler and physician (b. 1651)
- November 14 - Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (b. 1646)
- December 13 - Charles de La Fosse, French painter (b. 1640) Category:1716 ko:1716년

1720

Events

- January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings
- February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace.
- February 29 - Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden resigns.
- The Tuscarora fled North Carolina as a result of European colonisation
- Edmond Halley appointed Astronomer Royal
- The Academia Real da Historia is founded in Lisbon, Portugal
- Jonathan Swift begins Gulliver's Travels

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

- January 4 - Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (d. 1774)
- January 13 - Richard Hurd, English bishop and writer (d. 1808)
- January 27 - Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (d. 1777)
- January 30 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (d. 1778)
- February 8 - Emperor Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1750)
- March 9 - Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (d. 1790)
- March 13 - Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist and writer (d. 1793)
- March 22 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (d. 1799)
- April 23 - Vilna Gaon, Lithuanian rabbi (d. 1797)
- May 11 - Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen, German officer and adventurer (d. 1797)
- May 15 - Maximilian Hell, Slovakian astronomer (d. 1792)
- July 18 - Gilbert White, English naturalist and cleric (d. 1793)
- August 8 - Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish politician (d. 1796)
- August 12 - Konrad Ekhof, German actor (d. 1778)
- August 18 - Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, English murderer (d. 1760)
- August 30 - Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician (d. 1796)
- October 3 - Johann Peter Uz, German poet (d. 1796)
- October 4 - Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (d. 1778)
- October 8 - Jonathan Mayhew, American minister and patriot (d. 1766)
- October 19 - John Woolman, American Quaker preacher and abolitionist (d. 1772)
- November 1 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (d. 1791)
- November 16 - Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-born composer (d. 1788)
- December 14 - Justus Möser, German statesman (d. 1794)
- December 26 - Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1803)
- December 31 - Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)

Deaths

- January 31 - Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford, English privy councillor
- February 27 - Samuel Parris, English-born Puritan minister (b. 1653)
- April 2 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1647)
- April 21 - Antoine Hamilton, French writer (b. 1646)
- June 27 - Guillaume Amfrye de Chaulieu, French poet (b. 1639)
- August 3 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)
- August 9 - Simon Ockley, English orientalist (b. 1678)
- August 17 - Anne Lefèvre, French scholar (b. 1654)
- September 3 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1648)
- October 10 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (b. 1640) Category:1720 ko:1720년 ms:1720

1627

Events

- July 22 - English under the Duke of Buckingham invade the Ré Island in support of the huguenots in La Rochelle. The invasion does not go well
- A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia.
- The aurochs are hunted to extinction, the last being killed by poachers in Poland.
- England places the first European settlers on Barbados.
- Siege of La Rochelle begins
- Korea becomes a tributary state of China

Births

- January 25 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist (d. 1691)
- March 27 - Sir Stephen Fox, English statesman (d. 1716)
- May 29 - Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French writer (d. 1693)
- September 27 - Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and writer (d. 1704)
- November 29 - John Ray, English biologist (d. 1705)
- Sir John Flavel, English dissenter (d. 1691)
- Philip Fruytiers, Flemish painter (d. 1666) See also :Category:1627 births.

Deaths

- February 22 - Olivier van Noort, Dutch navigator (b. 1558)
- March 6 - Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish statesman (b. 1580)
- April 19 - Sir John Beaumont, English poet (b. 1583)
- May 2 - Lodovico Grossi da Viadana, Italian composer (b. 1560)
- May 24 - Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet (b. 1561)
- June 27 - Sir John Hayward, English historian
- August 21 - Jacques Mauduit, French composer (b. 1557)
- September 20 - Jan Gruter, Dutch scholar (b. 1560)
- October 28 - Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India (b. 1569)
- Thomas Middleton, English playwright (b. 1580)
- Sir John Suckling, English politician (b. 1569) See also :Category:1627 deaths. Category:1627 ko:1627년

1561

Events

- The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots.
- Mary, Queen of Scots is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland on August 19.
- October 18 - Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima -- Takeda Shingen beats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.
- The first Calvinists settle in England after fleeing Flanders.
- Madrid is declared the capital of Spain by Philip II.
- St. Paul's Cathedral in London is badly damaged by fire.
- Ruy López develops modern techniques of chess playing in Spain.
- Sweden conquers Livonia (modern Estonia).
- Michelangelo Buonarroti finishes Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome
- Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow is finished (started in 1534)

Births

- January 6 - Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (died 1656)
- January 22 - Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, scientist, and statesman (died 1626)
- July 11 - Luís de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet (died 1627)
- August 20 - Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (died 1633)
- August 24 - Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (died 1626)
- August 25 - Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (died 1632)
- September 29 - Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (died 1615)
- December 7 - Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625)
- December 9 - Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (died 1629)
- Jacopo Corsi, Italian composer (died 1602)
- John Harington, English writer (died 1612)
- Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York (died 1631) See also :Category: 1561 births.

Deaths

- February 26 - Jorge de Montemayor, Spanish writer (born 1520)
- October 27 - Lope de Aguirre, Basque rebel and conquistador (born 1510)
- Luis de Milán, Spanish composer (born 1500)
- Menno Simons, Anabaptist religious leader (born 1496)
- Ijuin Tadaaki, Japanese nobleman
- Jan Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (born 1488)
- Hans Tausen, Danish reformer (born 1494) See also :Category: 1561 deaths.

Literature

- The Book of the Courtier (Il Cortegiano) is translated into English by Sir Thomas Hoby
- Poetics by Julius Caesar Scaliger
- Institution of the Christian Religion is translated into English by Thomas Norton
- Gabriele Fallopius publishes Observationes anatomicae (anatomical observations) Category:1561 ko:1561년

1640

Events

- Charles I summons and rapidly dismisses the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the second of the Bishops Wars.
- October 26 - The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Scotland and Charles I of England.
- November: The English Long Parliament is summoned.
- December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. Spain does not recognize the Independence before 1668.
- Change of Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from Murat IV (1623-1640) to Ibrahim I (1640-1648).
- First book printed in North America, the Bay Psalm Book.
- First known European coffee house opens in Venice.
- Henry Glapthorne flourishes.

Births

- January 25 - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (d. 1707)
- March 18 - Philippe de la Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1719)
- March 30 - John Trenchard, English statesman (d. 1695)
- April 1 - Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (d. 1697)
- May 31 - Michał Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (d. 1673)
- June 9 - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705)
- September 29 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (d. 1720)
- November 28 - Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish sea captain
- December 6 - Claude Fleury, French historian (d. 1723)
- December 13 - Robert Plot, British naturalist (d. 1696) See also :Category:1640 births.

Deaths

- January 14 - Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer and judge (b. 1578)
- January 25 - Robert Burton, English scholar (b. 1577)
- February 9 - Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1612)
- March 17 - Philip Massinger, English dramatist (b. 1583)
- April 10 - Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer (b. 1578)
- May 30 - Peter Paul Rubens, German painter (b. 1577)
- June 3 - John Aylmer, English politicial theorist (b. 1521)
- June 3 - Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (b. 1584)
- October 20 - John Ball, English Puritan clergyman (b. 1585)
- December 30 - John Regis, French saint (b. 1597)
- Uriel Acosta, Portuguese philosopher (suicide) (b. 1585) See also :Category:1640 deaths. Category:1640 ko:1640년

1641

Events

- The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles I's absolutist tendencies.
- August 10 – Charles I of England flees London for the north
- Irish Rebellion of 1641 - revolt of the Gaelic Irish in Ulster against the English settlers
- The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.
- Portugal is ousted from Malacca by the Dutch.
- Claudio Monteverdi's opera Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria is first performed.
- Moses Amyraut's De l'elevation de la foy et de l'abaissement de la raison en la creance des mysteres de la religion is published.
- The Norwegian city of Kristiansand was founded by King Christian IV

Births

- January 18 - François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (d. 1691)
- March - Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (d. 1711)
- April 8 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
- April 15 - Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. 1722)
- May 10 - Dudley North, English economist (d. 1691)
- May 28 - Janez Vajkard Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (d. 1693)
- June 30 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (d. 1719)
- July 30 - Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1673)
- August 5 - John Hathorne, American magistrate (d. 1717)
- October 5 - Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1707)
- November 23 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720)
- Pierre Allix, French protestant clergyman (d. 1717) See also :Category:1641 births.

Deaths

- January 3 - Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer
- January 11 - Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (b. 1583)
- April 13 - Richard Montagu, English clergyman (b. 1577)
- April 15 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (b. 1581)
- May 10 - Johan Banér, Swedish soldier (b. 1596)
- May 12 - Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, English statesman (b. 1593)
- November 9 - Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, Governor of the Netherlands and Bishop of Toledo
- December 9 - Sir Anthony van Dyck, Dutch painter (b. 1599) See also :Category:1641 deaths. Category:1641 ko:1641년 ms:1641

1628

Events

- March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
- August 10 - The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor
- September 6 - Puritans settle Salem which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
- October 28 – Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
- Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
- Island of Santorini explodes.
- John Felton assassinates George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
- William Harvey publishes his findings about blood circulation.

Births

- January 8 - François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg, French general (d. 1695)
- January 10 - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)
- January 12 - Charles Perrault, French folklorist (d. 1703)
- March 10 - Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician (d. 1694)
- March 17 - François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715)
- April 23 - Johann van Waveren Hudde, Dutch mathematician (d. 1704)
- May 17 - Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria, regent of the Tyrol (d. 1662)
- July 11 - Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
- August 29 - John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (d. 1701)
- November 28 - John Bunyan, English writer (d. 1688)
- December 25 - Noël Coypel, French painter (d. 1707) See also :Category:1628 births.

Deaths

- March 12 - John Bull, English composer
- March 29 - Tobias Matthew, Archbishop of York (b. 1546)
- June 8 - Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (b. 1547)
- July 13 - Robert Shirley, English adventurer
- August 6 - Johannes Junius, Mayor of Bamberg (b. 1573)
- August 23 - George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1592)
- September 30 - Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English writer (b. 1554)
- October 16 - François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)
- November 15 - Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (b. 1576)
- November 16 - Paolo Quagliati, Italian composer
- Gregor Aichinger, German composer See also :Category:1628 deaths. Category:1628 ko:1628년 ms:1628

1714

Events

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

Deaths

1667

Events

- January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power.
- April 27 - The blind, impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10.
- June 12-17 - In the Raid on the Medway, a Dutch fleet under admiral Michiel de Ruyter burns Sheerness, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham dockyards and escapes with the royal barge The Royal Charles.
- June 15 - The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year old boy. (Though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).
- June 20 – Dutch troops attack Royal Navy ships in London and Chatham and burn them.
- July 31 - Second Anglo-Dutch War ends: The Treaty of Breda ends the war. The treaty also recognizes Acadia as a French possession.
- October 18 - Brooklyn is chartered under the name Brueckelen by Mathias Nicolls, Governor of New Netherlands.
- Suleiman I becomes Shah of Persia.
- The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb buys off the bandit Shivaji by making him a Rajah and allowing him to collect taxes.
- Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
- The War of Devolution begins, France invades Flanders and Franche-Comté.
- Louis XIV of France abolishes the Livre Parisis (Paris Pound) in favor of the much more widely used Livre Tournois (Tours Pound). He also designates Gabriel-Nicolas de la Reynie as first chief of "police" of Paris.
- French army uses grenadiers.
- Yohannes succeeds his father Fasildos as Emperor of Ethiopia.

Births

- April 29 - John Arbuthnot, English physician and writer (d. 1735)
- May 26 - Abraham de Moivre, French mathematician (d. 1754)
- June 18 - Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (d. 1750)
- July 28 - Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathemiatician (d. 1748)
- August 11 - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, last of the Medicis (d. 1743)
- September 5 - Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (d. 1733)
- September 28 - Asano Naganori, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
- November 5 - Christoph Ludwig Agricola, German painter (d. 1719)
- November 2 - James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (d. 1737)
- November 30 - Jonathan Swift, Irish writer (d. 1745)
- December 9 - William Whiston, English mathematician (d. 1752)
- December 25 - Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal and Munster
- Antonio Lotti, Italian composer (d. 1740)

Deaths

- May 2 - George Wither, English writer (b. 1588)
- May 7 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (b. 1616)
- May 16 - Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, English statesman (b. 1607)
- May 22 - Pope Alexander VII (b. 1599)
- May 25 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (b. 1620)
- June 5 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
- July 28 - Abraham Cowley, English poet (b. 1618)
- August 3 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)
- August 13 - Jeremy Taylor, Irish clergyman and writer (b. 1613)
- October 18 - Emperor Fasilidos of Ethiopia
- November 12 - Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (b. 1598)
- November 28 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (b. 1633)
- Antonio Abati, Italian poet

Heads of states

- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643-1715) Category:1667 ko:1667년 ms:1667

1720

Events

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

Deaths

1720

Events

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Births

Deaths

- January 31 -